Differences between the Compensation and Benefits Programs used in U. S. and Germany

Compensation refers to the salary and/or wage structures and programs such as job descriptions salary, bonus-based benefits programs, merit based programs and commission-based programs (Patricia & David 125). Compensation and benefits are provided either as variable pay and/or base pay. Stock option plans In Germany, stock option plans are only available for leading employees and German board members. These are usually in the form of phantom stocks, stock appreciation rights or convertible bonds (Ohle 1). At the moment of their exercise, these stock options are taxable.In German stock options are granted in two forms whose difference is primarily based on the tax treatment on them. Stock options in U. S encompass Non-Qualified Stock Options, Put Options and Incentive Stock Options. However, a great percentage of these stock options are not exercisable immediately and are non-transferable thus making it impossible to readily determine their fair market value. This implies that stock o ptions are not taxable when granted in the context of U. S (Patricia & David 127). Operational retirement provisionsUnlike U. S, Germany has operational provisions for its retirement pension plans through which employers make it possible for their workers to change some of their wages into retirement operation plans. This revolves around various models such as the assistance funds, direct insurance, pension funds and direct benefits. U. S lacks such provisions which are not bound to taxation. In German’s case, the most common retirement operational provisions encompass plans such as the 401 (k) and the cash balance plans (Ohle, 1).On a different note, the pension program of US was not made such as to offer old age insurance by itself while that of Germany is considered to be primarily a grant for a basic insurance. Thus private and operational retirement plans are very vital to American retirees unlike for Germans. Private retirement provisions In Germany, there are a social security programs to which employees’ payroll taxes account for half of the contributions while the employers contribute the other half.These include long-range nursing care, unemployment benefits, pensions and health insurance and are the four major German social security parts (Ohle 1). Other social security programs cover social indemnity catered for by the government and the accident insurance handled by the employer. The U. S system on the hand comprises of: the state program for children’s health insurance, supplementary security income, temporary assistance for needy families, health insurance for the disabled and aged, unemployment benefits, state grants for medical assistance programs (DOL 1).The U. S social system is majorly funded through payroll taxes and the overall program is divided into three main parts: survivors, retirement and disability insurance. Unemployment benefits The unemployment program in U. S is funded by the federal and state unemployment taxes paid by employers. Unemployment benefits in Germany are divided into two categories: the unemployment insurance (UI) applicable to previously employed workers who were insured during their tenure; and the unemployment assistance (UA) which comes after UI and has no time limit. The U.S unemployment benefit system differs from the one in Germany in that it covers a wide range of areas not covered by the German program (DOL 1). This is because the U. S program includes a self employment assistance package for the re-employment period, trade readjustment allowance, extended benefits, and assistance for the unemployment due to disasters. Heath care insurance The compensation and benefits program in Germany encompasses a mandatory contribution towards social security in terms of payments to the legal state health care insurance program.However, big salaried employees can opt to join a private health care system rather than the state health care system which is also considered a bene fit to some extent. On the other hand, U. S. has a different health care program known as the Federal Employees’ Health Benefits (FEHB) that enables eligible employees to be part of a group plan for health insurance (Patricia & David 131). U. S also has two other options contributing to health insurance unlike Germany. These include: life insurance under the standard additional and family options and the long-term care insurance paid for fully by the employees. Leave and public holidaysThe terms of employment in German usually include a minimum of twenty-four paid leave days annually for those employees working six days a week on full time basis and 20 days to those working 5 days a week (Ohle, 1). Public holidays however vary form state to state. This includes other paid and protected leave days such as sick leave and maternity leave. U. S on the other hand has different terms when it comes to leave and public holidays. For instance, the U. S Family and Medical Leave Act doe s not entitled employees to any leave provides for a job-protected 12 weeks unpaid leave per any twelve month period incase of care emergencies.

Edwin Arlington Robinson

â€Å"One of the most prolific major American poets of the twentieth century, Edwin Arlington Robinson is, ironically, best remembered for only a handful of short poems,† stated Robert Gilbert in the Concise Dictionary of American Literary Biography. Fellow writer Amy Lowell declared in the New York Times Book Review, â€Å"Edwin Arlington Robinson is poetry. I can think of no other living writer who has so consistently dedicated his life to his work.† Robinson is considered unique among American poets of his time for his devotion to his art; he published virtually nothing during his long career except poetry. The expense of Robinson’s single-mindedness,† Gilbert explained, â€Å"was virtually everything else in life for which people strive, but it eventually won for him both fortune and fame, as well as a firm position in literary history as America’s first important poet of the twentieth century. † Robinson seemed destined for a career in business or the sciences. He was the third son of a wealthy New England merchant, a man who had little use for the fine arts. He was, however, encouraged in his poetic pursuits by a neighbor and wrote copiously, experimenting with verse translations from Greek and Latin poets. In 1891 Edward Robinson provided the funds to send his son to Harvard partly because the aspiring writer required medical treatment that could best be performed in Boston. There Robinson published some poems in local newspapers and magazines and, as he later explained in a biographical piece published in Colophon, collected a pile of rejection slips â€Å"that must have been one of the largest and most comprehensive in literary history. † Finally he decided to publish his poems himself, and contracted with Riverside, a vanity press, to produce The Torrent and The Night Before, named after the first and last poems in the collection. In the poems of The Torrent and The Night Before, Robinson experimented with elaborate poetic forms and explored themes that would characterize much of his work—†themes of personal failure, artistic endeavor, materialism, and the inevitability of change,† according to Gilbert. He also established a style recognizably his own: an adherence to traditional forms at a time when most poets were experimenting with the genre (â€Å"All his life Robinson strenuously objected to free verse,† Gilbert remarked, â€Å"replying once when asked if he wrote it, ‘No, I write badly enough as it is. †), and laconic, everyday speech. Robinson mailed copies of The Torrent and The Night Before out â€Å"to editors of journals and to writers who he thought might be sympathetic to his work,† said Gilbert. Read also  How Powerful Do You Find Atticus Finch’s Closing Speech? The response was generally favorable, although perhaps the most significant review came from Harry Thurston Peck, who commented unfavorably in the Bookman on Robinson’s bleak outlook and sense of humor. Peck found Robinson’s tone too grim for his tastes, saying that â€Å"the world is not beautiful to [Robinson], but a prison-house. â€Å"I am sorry that I have painted myself in such lugubrious colours,† Robinson wrote in the next issue of the Bookman, responding to this criticism. â€Å"The world is not a prison house, but a kind of spiritual kindergarten, where millions of bewildered infants are trying to spell God with the wrong blocks. † Encouraged by the largely positive critical reaction, Robinson quickly produced a second manuscript, The Children of the Night, which was also published by a vanity press, a friend providing the necessary funds. Unfortunately, reviewers largely ignored it; Gilbert suggests that they were put off by the vanity imprint. In 1902, two friends persuaded the publisher Houghton Mifflin to publish Captain Craig, another book of Robinson’s verse, by promising to subsidize part of the publishing costs. Captain Craigwas neither a popular nor a critical success, and for several years Robinson neglected poetry, drifting from job to job in New York City and the Northeast. He took to drinking heavily, and for a time it seemed that he would, as Gilbert put it, fall â€Å"into permanent dissolution, as both his brothers had done. † â€Å"His whimsical ‘Miniver Cheevy,’† Gilbert continued, â€Å"the poem about the malcontent modern who yearned for the past glories of the chivalric age and who finally ‘coughed, and called it fate/and kept on drinking,’ is presumably a comic self-portrait. † Robinson’s luck changed in 1904, when Kermit Roosevelt brought The Children of the Night to the attention of his father, President Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt not only persuaded Random House to republish the book, but also reviewed it himself for the Outlook (â€Å"I am not sure I understand ‘Luke Havergal,’† he said, â€Å"but I am entirely sure that I like it†), and obtained a sinecure for its author at the New York Customs House—a post Robinson held until 1909. The two thousand dollar annual stipend that went with the post provided Robinson with financial security. In 1910, he repaid his debt to Roosevelt in The Town down the River, a collection of poems dedicated to the former president. Perhaps the best known of Robinson’s poems are those now called the Tilbury Town cycle, named after the small town â€Å"that provides the setting for many of his poems and explicitly links him and his poetry with small-town New England, the repressive, utilitarian social climate customarily designated as the Puritan ethic,† explained W. R. Robinson in Edwin Arlington Robinson: A Poetry of the Act. These poems also expound some of Robinson’s most characteristic themes: â€Å"his curiosity,† as Gerald DeWitt Sanders and his fellow editors put it in Chief Modern Poets of Britain and America, â€Å"about what lies behind the social mask of character, and †¦ is dark hints about sexuality, loyalty, and man’s terrible will to defeat himself. † Tilbury Town is first mentioned in â€Å"John Evereldown,† a ballad collected in The Torrent and The Night Before. John Evereldown, out late at night, is called back to the house by his wife, who is wondering why he wants to walk the long cold miles into town. He responds, â€Å"God knows if I pray to be done with it all/But God’s no friend of John Evereldown. /So the clouds may come and the rain may fall,/the shadows may creep and the dead men crawl,—/But I follow the women wherever they call,/And that’s why I’m going to Tilbury Town. Tilbury Town reappears at intervals throughout Robinson’s work. The title poem in Captain Craig concerns an old resident of the town whose life, believed wasted by his neighbors, proves to have been of value. The Children of the Night contains the story of Richard Cory, â€Å"a gentleman from sole to crown,/Clean favored, and imperially slim,† who â€Å"one calm summer night,/Went home and put a bullet through his head,† and Tilbury Town itself is personified in the lines â€Å"In fine, we thought that he was everything/ To make us wish that we were in his place. The Man against the Sky—according to Gilbert, Robinson’s â€Å"most important single volume,† and probably his most critically acclaimed—includes the story of the man â€Å"Flammonde,† one of the poet’s most anthologized Tilbury verses. Despite the fact that much of Robinson’s verse dealt with failed lives, several critics see his work as life-affirming. May Sinclair, writing an early review of Captain Craig for the Fortnightly Review, said of the Captain, â€Å"He, ragged, old, and starved, challenges his friends to have courage and to rejoice in the sun. Amy Lowell, in her Tendencies in Modern American Poetry, stated, â€Å"I have spoken of Mr. Robinson’s ‘unconscious cynicism. ’ It is unconscious because he never dwells upon it as such, never delights in it, nor wraps it comfortably about him. It is hardly more than the reverse of the shield of pain, and in his later work, it gives place to a great, pitying tenderness. ‘Success through Failure,’ that is the motto on the other side of his banner of ‘Courage. † And Robert Frost, in his introduction to Robinson’s King Jasper, declared, â€Å"His theme was unhappiness itself, but his skill was as happy as it was playful. There is that comforting thought for those who suffered to see him suffer. † Many Tilbury Town verses were among the poems Robinson included in his Pulitzer Prize-winning Collected Poems of 1922—the first Pulitzer ever awarded for poetry. He won his second poetry Pulitzer in 1924, this time for The Man W ho Died Twice, the story of a street musician whose one musical masterpiece is lost when he collapses after a night of debauchery. Gilbert attributed the poem’s success to its â€Å"combination of down-to-earth diction, classical allusion, and understated humor. † In 1927, Robinson again won a Pulitzer for his long narrative poem Tristram, one in a series of poems based on Arthurian legends. Tristram proved to be Robinson’s only true popular success—it was that rarity of twentieth-century literature, a best-selling book-length poem—and it received critical acclaim as well. â€Å"It may be said not only that ‘Tristram’ is the finest of Mr. Robinson’s narrative poems,† wrote Lloyd Morris in the Nation, â€Å"but that it is among he very few fine modern narrative poems in English. † Early in 1935, Robinson fell ill with cancer. He stayed hospitalized until his death, correcting galley proofs of his last poem, King Jasper only hours before slipping into a final coma. â€Å"Magazines and newspapers throughout the country took elaborate notice of Robinson’s death,† declared Gilbert, â€Å"reminding their readers that he had been considered America’s foremost poet for nearly twenty years and praising his industry, integrity, and devotion to his art. â€Å"It may come to the notice of our posterity (and then again it may not),† wrote Robert Frost in his introduction to King Jasper, â€Å"that this, our age, ran wild in the quest of new ways to be new†¦. Robinson stayed content with the old-fashioned ways to be new. † â€Å"Robinson has gone to his place in American literature and left his human place among us vacant,† Frost concluded. â€Å"We mourn, but with the qualification that, after all, his life was a revel in the felicities of language. †

Students will be required to research the topic of Effective Assignment

Students will be required to research the topic of Effective Advertising and write a literary review and analysis - Assignment Example Marketers can use different mediums like TV, Radio, internet, billboards, public personnel, celebrity, electronic display boards etc to communicate the message to viewers and in some case press releases are being used to communicate the message. Dube and Manchanda (81-95) stated that important thing is to measure the effectiveness of advertisement and due to non-tangibility of parameters; it becomes very difficult to measure effectiveness of advertisement. In such context, this essay will try to address the theme â€Å"Effective Advertising† with the help of research works conducted by various research scholars on that subject. Although, key objective of the paper is to answer the question â€Å"What Makes Advertising Effective† but the essay will take funnel approach to concentrate on specific aspect like â€Å"role of internationalization on advertising† in the later part. Understanding concepts or factors that might affect the effectiveness of advertisement wo uld also be important part of the discussion. Discussion Literature Review Nguyen and Shi (965-973) pointed out that it is very difficult to summarize all the factors that may affect the effectiveness of advertisement and they also identified macro and micro influencer of advertisement. For macro factor, synchronization of advertisement theme with socio-cultural dimension of particular population or theme variation can play important role in influencing purchase action of viewer. On the other hand, Bruce (659-673) identified micro factors like product involvement and ad/context congruency or cognitive appeal of the advertisement can play important role in determining the effectiveness of advertisement. Considering the vastness of the topic, it is to be understood that addressing or identifying all the factors that may influence effectiveness of advertisement is beyond the scope of this short essay. Therefore, in this literature review, the researcher will focus on issue like impact of internationalization on advertising, theme effects and ad/context congruency etc in order to address key deliverables in the assignment. Theme Effects Bass, Bruce, Murthi and Majumdar (179–195) stated that quality of advertisement might vary over the time and alteration of themes might affect effectiveness of the advertisement. According to these scholars, quality of the advertisement is intangible and relative measure which has indirect link with the themes of the advertisement. For example, these Bass, Bruce, Murthi and Majumdar (179–195) used advertisement example of a fast food joint which has changed its theme over the course of time in order to remain relevant and effective. Bass, Bruce, Murthi and Majumdar (179–195) found that repetition of the same advertising theme in longitudinal manner might decrease the effectiveness of the advertisement. In such context, MacInnis, Rao and Weiss (391–407) found that effectiveness of the advertisement is dec ided by the existence of pooling effects like emotional appeal, logical appeal, sense of benefits etc in the promoted advertisement. For example, Chandy, Tellis, MacInnis and Thaivanich (399–414) gave examples of argument based advertisement themes in consumer durables sector and stated that effectiveness of the advertisement gets increased when marketers compare the benefits of offering with

Quality Analysis of Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Quality Analysis of - Research Paper Example Services that Provide Customer Support at L-3 Vertex Logistics solutions Company†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 iii. Fulfillment of Operational Requirements†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦9 V. Outlining Findings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...11 VI. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...11 VII. Summary and recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 VIII. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 Quality Analysis of the L-3 Vertex Logistics Solution I. Abstract The Vertex Logistics Solutions Company is a Logistics firm that is based in Vancouver. In this sense, it offers its numerous clients with in-depth warehousing as well as distribution services. The company also provides both multinational and domestic companies with distributions services that are superior. These ones are channeled to different points in North America and beyond. It possesses other sub-branches that include the L-3 Vertex Logistics Solutions, which offers sustainable support services in relation to aerospace. This is related to the department of Defense, Government agencies in the U.S as well as foreign governments across the world that include the war zone areas of Kuwa it, Afghanistan and Iraq. Its other portfolios include manufacturing materials, textiles, food products and goods used for retail purposes by consumers. In relation to maintenance of machinery, the company is involved in engineering, flight operations, repair, maintenance and overhaul as well as supply chain management. This is additionally coupled with internal project management alongside the presence of a number of consultation teams. Together with its sub-companies the vertex logistics solutions engages in a number of quality management practices. It employs the use of supply chain management, and the six sigma model. As a result of application of these practices, the vertex logistical solutions company has achieved a great deal of success in the way that it implements appropriate quality management plans. Therefore, this paper will make an analysis in relation to the quality of products from the company. It will explore and summarize the applications and benefits that have been realized by the vertex logical solutions has realized as a result of putting into practice several acts that are related to quality management standards. These are mainly related to the areas of Environmental safety and health, Services that enhance customer support, the development of products and the support of customers who are located in foreign countries. In order to ensure that their products are up to standard and meet the needs of customer, the company ensures regular checks of their quality. This has enabled them to maintain consistence during their production hence customer satisfaction at all times. As a result they have been able to maintain their profit margins. At times, this is even improved since through the quality production, the company is able to attract new customers and make more sales. It is because of this that ultimately the company has maintained its competitive position in the market for a long time (L-3 Vertex Logistics Solution, 2013). II.

Teaching and Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Teaching and Learning - Essay Example In this respect, the holistic learning models are more comprehensive learning models, which recognizes that learning is not enough and cannot be effective, when it entails teaching only the mind (Conlan, Grabowski & Smith, 2003). The holistic learning models recognizes that the body, the spirit and the emotions play a vital role in determining the learning process of an individual, through playing the facilitative role of creating a favorable and enabling learning environment that connects the mind, the body and the emotions (Stewart, 2001). On the other hand, when the emotions and the spirit are ignored in the learning process, leaving only the body as the major learning component, these factors will influence the body negatively and thus hinder the mind from concentration and understanding, which are the two essential components of effective learning (Kilgore, 2001). Thus, under the holistic learning models, the guiding principle for effective learning has always been the philosophy that; if learners enjoy the learning and likes the complementary activities that are associated with the learning, they are likely to pay more attention to the learning process, and thus learn and understand better (Conlan, Grabowski & Smith, 2003). Further, the holistic learning models philosophy holds that if learners are motivated, they will work harder and better, which will give more positive results. Finally, the principle guiding the holistic learning models is the fact that, if learners can encode the information learnt more easily , they will be in a better position to recall it easily, and thus will be able to learn and understand better (Knowles, wanson & Holton, 2011). Therefore, to achieve the above three philosophies of effective learning, the holistic learning models has established six major factors that are essential for

The Asylum and Immigration Act 2004 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Asylum and Immigration Act 2004 - Essay Example This discussion briefly overviews the main aspects of this Act and expresses concerns regarding its effects from non-governmental agencies. The Act contains provisions that merge the present immigration appeals structure into a streamlined appeals process with little chance for further appeals by an immigrant. It also addresses undocumented immigrants and disallows financial support from family members outside the UK after appellant is cleared to depart the UK. Further provisions include human trafficking, a continuation of the 'safe third country' measure and lists behaviours, spelled out for the first time in the Act, which could destroy an immigrant applicant's credibility. The Act also includes provisions introducing procedures to reinstate payments of benefits of an immigrant's back-dated integration loan and introduces modifications to homelessness regulations in order that a refugee must attain an association with local authorities. In addition, the Act establishes further legal consequences for those persons who come to the UK lacking proper documentation. As of its enactment, the Act makes it a crime for a pers on not to have a valid document identifying their nationality and identity to the immigration authorities upon arrival in the UK. "A person shall be presumed not to have a valid document if s/he fails to produce it at the request of an immigration officer" ("Explanatory Notes", 2004). Critics charge that, in particular, this Act does not express a national desire to preserve the human rights of immigrants, especially in the case of women for whom there is inadequate protection both internationally and nationally from the realities of gender discrimination. The Refugee Council is of the opinion that this Act punishes refugees for being just that, refugees, which by definition probably have insufficient travel or citizenship documentation from the country they are escaping. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, "in most cases a person fleeing from persecution will have arrived with the barest necessities and very frequently without personal documents" (Refugee Council, 2004). Refugees escaping from state instituted acts of persecution can hardly obtain travel documentation of any type such as a passport from the governmental entity that is itself responsible for the persecutory actions from which the refugees are escaping. The immigrant/ref ugee may explain and defend their right to asylum but they must still prove their legal right to be in the country. If they cannot provide proper proof in the form of documentation, they will be subject to criminal court procedures and subsequent penalties. The major concern regarding this no-win situation for refugees is the plight of women in particular. Women are less likely than men to possess even the initial ability to obtain travel documentation or personal identifying papers on their own. Many countries do not allow women this privilege without the consent of a male family member. This Act, in short, penalises female refugees more so than men, a group already more severely persecuted on a worldwide scale than are men. A provision (Section Four) of the Act, makes human trafficking of persons either into or out of the UK for the purposes of a exploitation criminal

Analysis of L'oreal advertisement campaign Assignment

Analysis of L'oreal advertisement campaign - Assignment Example The primary target market of L’Oreal products is the females all over the world who wants to look good and beautiful. The company offers several product ranges and communicate the same message through all mediums. In reference to the analysis of the advertisements, recent advertisement campaign of the ‘Elvive’ staring Cheryl Cole. For this purpose different print advertisements along with the storyboard or screenshots of the television advertisements have been explored and investigated on the criteria of different consumer behaviour models and theories. ANALAYSIS OF THE ADVERTISEMENT OF L’OREAL: L’Oreal has been using the same method or technique of attracting customers through all their advertisements. Company has Most of the common methods used by the company for promoting their brands to the target market are: 1. celebrity endorsement 2. creating beauty appeal 3. communicating benefit 4. supporting this benefit with a scientific claim 5. iconograp hy Celebrity Endorsement: Celebrity endorsement is used by the company in order to directly influence the purchase decision making process of the customers. It is a general perception that consumers tend to believe the message conveyed through some popular or famous personality. This technique is used by L’Oreal in order to effect the phase of evaluating different alternatives and making the final decision. Celebrity Endorsement is used by the company as a surrogate indicator. Surrogate indicator is one which is used by the consumers in order to analyse and interpret the level of quality of the product (Neal, Quester, & Hawkins, 2004). Creating Beauty Appeal: Being a cosmetic company and dealing beauty related products, L’Oreal has always focused on creating a... This "Analysis of L'oreal advertisement campaign" essay outlines L'oreal's primary target market and its technique of attracting customers. Celebrity endorsement is used by the company in order to directly influence the purchase decision making process of the customers. It is a general perception that consumers tend to believe the message conveyed through some popular or famous personality. This technique is used by L’Oreal in order to effect the phase of evaluating different alternatives and making the final decision. Celebrity Endorsement is used by the company as a surrogate indicator. Surrogate indicator is one which is used by the consumers in order to analyse and interpret the level of quality of the product . Being a cosmetic company and dealing beauty related products, L’Oreal has always focused on creating a beauty appeal in all its advertisements. Advertisements of the company are based on the perception that the products offered by L’Oreal can make the person beautiful like the celebrity in the advertisement. In this way L’Oreal tries to cater to the social needs of the consumers including the need of belongingness. L’Oreal is aware of the fact that one of the most important elements of a successful advertisements is that it communicates the benefit to the target consumers. In this way the company is able to create positive perception in the mind of the consumers about the product being advertised. L’Oreal advertisements communicate the promises about the benefits and attributes which are important for the customers.

Ethical issues in virtual education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Ethical issues in virtual education - Essay Example   The foundation of coaching once confined to local academies and education centers in past has extensively been extended to national and international colleges, universities and distant educational institutions. Not only this that schools, colleges and universities have been established like mushrooms in modern times, but also several new disciplines have also been introduced in these institutions with the passage of time, which encourage the students in respect of conducting researches to approve or reject the latest developed theories related to pure and social sciences and management and marketing etc too as well. Hence, the 20th century brought tremendous revolution in all fields of life including science, technology, industrialisation and advancement, which significantly left indelible imprints on teaching profession. Large-scale modifications in educational training centres not only upraised the level of education, and eradicated ignorance and illiteracy altogether, but also offered the people belonging to different cultures and communities the chances of seeking education at higher level even while staying at homes or in their own community and get professional education without any restriction of age, sex and region. The concept of virtual education is thus a wonderful achievement in this regards. University education is the continuity of the same pattern that was introduced by Plato in the ancient Greece, but providing of education through distance in various regions of the globe is the product of modern society.   

Project Managment Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project Managment Leadership - Essay Example Discuss how you would manage this project using a matrix OBS approach. 6 Reference 8 1. Discuss how your company manages projects which span two or three department? Project management is the process to facilitate planning, scheduling and controlling of the different activities in an organization. Operating projects in a multi project platform is setting up projects at the same time at different departments in an organization. The team in different departments may share members and organizational support systems and clients and also may use same resources to some extent but the working styles of the different departments are completely different in most cases. Project management includes project portfolio management in which the different processes are selected according to their need, organization performance and the objectives with the controlling groups are selected. This includes a planning and budgeting process by consulting with the team members of the different departments for an effective utilization of the resources by the management. Co-ordination with the different departments with effective communication can address the risk issues from different departments and help the management to cope with the unexpected occurrences during the execution of the project. Resource allocation is another important issue of the management to look after while working with multiple departments. The collaboration between the different team members of the separate department are needed to be understood by the management otherwise it may lead to conflict in the work place. The project team should be build by the company keeping in mind the goals of the project and dividing the roles of the different departments with the individual roles of the tea members can ease the processes and its execution. Working together can build a better relationship amongst the employees and collaborative problem solving can help the departments identify and cope with diverse problems faced at work environment. Administering the daily activities of the departments and managing the performance of the organizational departments will optimize the different processes and help the company to effectively deal with issues arising from different departments (Portny, 2006, p. 287). 2. Discuss how your company manages the two boss situation when a staff member is reporting to both the project manager and the functional manager. Reporting to different bosses can be a challenging situation in management issues. But with proper communication skill and expertise in the business this situation can be handled very effectively by the managers. With consistent work and documentation of the work schedule this situation can be handled and the staff member will be able to impress two bosses of both project management and functional department. Few points are needed to be maintained by the staff to manage two bosses at the same time. First step is to know the two managers and their relationsh ip amongst them. Knowing the style of working of the two different managers will help the staff to communicate effectively with them in their way of working. If the managers need to be reported every day or weekly or after project completion the staff should work accordingly. The communication process is also needed to be understood by the staff. Knowing whether there is any communication between the two bosses is an important task. Otherwise staff needs to

Beowulf and Grendel Essay Example for Free

Beowulf and Grendel Essay The animation used for the movie, Beowulf was simply superb. I thought the characters were human but after a while, I noticed that they move quite differently so I learned that it was actually a motion captured film, like the ones used in Polar Express and Monster House. The effects were good, and the characters really looked like the actors who played them. It’s amazing what technology can do these days. As for the story, I think some scenes are really violent and brutal. Like the part when Grendel, the monster, tore the head of one of the soldiers and ate it, it was disgusting. Some parts were also rated PG. ut overall, I think the plot was good. The character of Beowulf was very brave and courageous. From the beginning of the story, we can already tell that he is a hero and that he practices the code of honor (whatever that is). He was willing to sacrifice himself to save his people and the kingdom. I think he is also wise as the king. He didn’t fight the soldier who was trying to kill him, instead, send him off saying â€Å"He has a story to tell†. But the protagonists also have some poor qualities. For one, he didn’t think of the consequences when he gave in to Grendel’s mother’s advances. He also lied to king Hrothgar and his people when he told them that he killed Grendel’s mother. He did all that just so that he could have wealth and the crown. I also didn’t like the fact that he took a mistress, when his wife was still there. I think Queen Wealtheow is a wise and beautiful queen, what more could he ask for? Also, I think Ursula, the concubine, didn’t really love Beowulf. She was just submitting herself to him because he is of course, the king. I think the historical accuracy was good, the costume and the traditions; they even had the right accents.

Hippies in the 60s and the Media

Hippies in the 60s and the Media The Myth of the Sixties It has been said that of all the artificial concepts of the twentieth century, the sixties have the greatest hold on the imagination. The decade has come to take on mythical proportions, a time in the history of the world where â€Å"everything changed,† and whether for good or for naught depends on which side of the fence you stand on. The hippies, artists and bohemians, then and now, regard it as a magical time, while the â€Å"squares,† conservatives, members of the mainstream and the like view it as a nightmare. And whether one was too young or too old to participate, or, in fact, was not even born, holds no relevance; the legend of the sixties will never die. However, the truth is that the decade and its participants were nothing more than the embodiment of three powerful myths: the myth of the hippies as â€Å"dirty scum,† as orchestrated by the media and the politicians; the myth of the hippies as world-changing revolutionaries, as created by the hippies t hemselves; and the perpetuation and extension of this last myth by marketers and advertisers for profit. This paper will examine the sixties with these three myths in mind. Before we can fully decipher the first myth (the role the media played in the creation of the hippy counterculture), it is necessary to look at the movement’s precedents. The late 50s and early 60s saw the arrival of three â€Å"subcultures,† the Beats, the Teds and the Mods, all of which received more media attention than they deserved; that is, practically every aspect of these groups (the number of members, the extent of their activities, the duration of the movements, etc.), was exaggerated (Green, 41). For example, the early sixties were presumably host to countless â€Å"turf wars† between two of these subcultures (the Rockers and the Mods). The first of these took place in Clacton in 1964, and although the actual turnout was low, the rival groups were quickly labeled as â€Å"gangs† by the media (Green, 46). The day after the event, nearly every national newspaper ran frenzied, front-page stories on the incident, urging Home Secretary Henry Brooke to take action (ibid). A year later, similar scenes repeated themselves in Brighton, Weston-super-Mare and Great Yarmouth, and media reports were filled with â€Å"broken deckchairs, fleeing grannies, stern-faced policemen, outraged councilors, etc.,† which were largely embellished or outright fabricated (Green, 47). The reality was in fact a pale imitation of the myth. It evolved later that there were no â€Å"gangs† as such, there was little evidence of premeditated hostility (most people had come just to watch), and for all the reports of â€Å"blood and violence† there was actually very little (Cohen, 1973). But the seeds had been sown, the damage had been done, and by the time the Rocker and Mod subcultures died down, there was the need for another â€Å"public nuisance† to take their place, another â€Å"group defined as a threat to societal values and interests, its nature presented in a stylised and stereotypical fashion by the mass media, the moral barricades manned by editors, bishops, politicians and other right-thinking people, diagnoses and solutions pronounced by accredited experts† (ibid). Enter the hippy. The term hippy, on the surface, constitutes a vast array of bohemian and student subcultures, ranging from artistic-intellectuals to dropouts and dope smokers (Brake, 92). There are those who see them as romantic, childlike and pagan; others who see them as juvenile, hedonistic and offensive. The British hippie underground grew out of the â€Å"beatnik literary-artistic scene,† the peace movement and the corresponding American faction, spurred on by such pseudo-political groups as The Yippies, the Diggers and the Merry Pranksters, as well as various individuals including Ken Kesey (author of The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test), LSD guru Timothy Leary, and Beat poet Allen Ginsberg, who appeared at the Albert Hall International Poetry Incarnation in 1965 (Brake, 102). However, while there were certainly symbolic precedents as mentioned above, and without a doubt small segments of the population were â€Å"tuned in† to a new way of thinking and acting, the fact was that an actual, pervasive, unifying movement didn’t really exist: â€Å"We’ve all gone along with the illusion that Ginsberg and Dylan and Baez and the Beatles and the Stones were all part of the same thing. Well, they are part of one thing, in the sense that we’re all human beings and we are all part of the word and each other. So is Lyndon Johnson, so it the mafia head of Chicago, so are the Hell’s Angels. We’ve tended to make the distinction between Us and Them. Now if we’ve got to recognise anything, there’s not much difference between the Angles beating that kid over the head with a pool cue, and the Chicago cops beating you over the head because you’ve got long hair† (Gleason, 219). It could be argued that if there were any changes taking place, they weren’t so much cultural as economic and social, which pegged young people against their parents, and led to vastly different worldviews and lifestyle choices (Brake, 93). While the hippies were loosely grouped around the concept of social and political change (which, in America, largely meant protestation of the Vietnam War), in Britain, there was never any corresponding social impetus. If anything, their behaviour was nothing more than a purposeful attempt to exhibit distinctly oppositional beliefs than those condoned by society, favouring â€Å"immediacy, spontaneity and hedonism† (Weider and Zimmerman, 1977). And it is these tendencies that the media jumped on. British newspapers reported hippies as being â€Å"dirty, idle, promiscuous and drug-users† (Brake, 96). A typical report showed a nude, bearded, long-haired man with the caption: â€Å"The hippy cult is degrading, decadent and plain daft† (ibid). A story about the London Street Commune who decided to squat in an abandoned Georgian mansion in 144 Piccadilly described their home as: â€Å"lit only by the dim light of their drugged cigarettes,† complete with â€Å"drug taking†¦couples making love while others look on†¦a heavy mob armed with iron bars, filth and stench, foul language†¦these are not rumours but facts, sordid facts which will shock ordinary decent living people† (News of the World, 1969). A similar report appeared in The Daily Mail on 2 August, 1969: â€Å"It makes me ashamed to be British. They [the hippies] live around in filthy clothes, mauling in each other in the streets. No wonder our country has gone to the dogs.† The hippies acted as convenient scapegoats, and the Tories eagerly jumped on the bandwagon in portraying them as moral degenerates who needed to be squelched so as to save the world from its baser instincts (Green, 448). The truth is that most of these hippies were not degenerates and criminals but students and ex-students, who were able to engage in a lifestyle filled with LSD, rock music and â€Å"free love† because of student grants and welfare payments (Brake, 95). Not only did the media paint an inaccurate picture of them, but the hippies believed their own hype and bought into their own myth. For while they railed against materialism, their lifestyle was only supported because of the benefits they received from living in a welfare system; while they were â€Å"anti-technology,† they had access to hi-tech stereo systems and complex light shows; in short, they â€Å"felt freedom was an individual element yet were controlled by a powerful state† (Brake, 97). The movement was short-lived because a â€Å"full-time leisure expressive subculture can only develop in an economy with sufficient surplus and employment† (Brake, 99). When the economy plummeted, so did the membership of the subculture; the hippies faded away in the wake of unemployment and economic crisis (ibid). However, even describing the hippies as an actual â€Å"movement† is questionable. One problem is that in looking at subcultures, it needs to be taken into account that they are actually a minority, who, because of their dramatic style, are given vast media coverage (Green, 158). Many hippies were latchers-on at best. Those who joined may have been rebellious, they may have adopted specific styles and values, but their rebellion did not embody genuine opposition (Green, 159). For many involved, it was not about social or political change at all; it was merely about fashion. As Angela Carter wrote in her Notes for a theory of sixties style: â€Å"The nature of our apparel is very complex. Clothes are so many things at once. Our social shells, the system of signals with which we broadcast our intentions, are often the projections of our fantasy selves†¦clothes are our weapons, our challenges, our visual insults† (Carter, 1967). Murdock and McCron, in a vast-raging counter-cultural study, found that most of the people they surveyed were not actually involved in local subcultures, but had adopted the styles because of the teenage entertainment industry (Murdock and McCron, 1976). The respondents â€Å"were expression and extension of the dominant meaning system, rather than deviation from or in opposition to it† (ibid). The truth is that most people are not seduced by subcultures, and only dress or act in similar stylistic ways when they have become acceptable by the mainstream. Much of the hippie culture was deliberately manufactured for marketing consumption, and much of the art and music of the sixties was commercialized and transformed into a commodity for the larger society (Brake, 99). Some of the decade’s premier acts the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, etc. – and rock ‘n roll in general, which had once been so threatening, had become as safe as the blue-chip companies that spo nsored and sold it (Green, 446). While the decade spawned a number of unconventional institutions, such as the underground press, it also launched substantial fortunes for such figures as Richard Branson and Tony Elliot (Green, 445). Smart, â€Å"alternative† capitalists took advantage of the period, and â€Å"transmogrified† the decade’s slogans into designer labels (Rowbotham, xiv). Furthermore: â€Å"The ‘underground culture,’ considered so radical and pervasive at the time, shifted just as radically. The progressive and loud rock of the 60s turned into the heavy metal of the 80s, with mysticism giving way to pulp science fiction, sexual freedom to braggadocio, liberation to repression. The nudity of the underground was packaged and mass-marketed by Rupert Murdoch. In the 1960s the young dropped out; in the 1980s they are dropped out. Drugs were considered a tool to heighten reality, and became an escape from the present† (Fountain, 215). The transformation of the hippie movement from extreme to mainstream, particularly in terms of merchandising, illustrated how well people had mastered the game, and were able to manipulate it according to their own agenda: hip consumerism had become mass consumerism (Frank, 1997). Current reactions to the sixties are mixed. While some regard it as a â€Å"golden age,† all â€Å"dope, revolution and fucking in the streets,† others, particularly the younger generation of today, see it as â€Å"a period smacking of weakness, of airy-fairy wishy-washiness, of an ascendancy of the cranks† (Green, 449). Everyone’s youth is of course a golden age, and part of the reason for the enduring myth of the sixties is that there are so many baby boomers today. Normal Mailer has noted how often the â€Å"reverberations that follow are out of all proportion to the presumed smallness of the original event† (ibid). Perhaps no better description could apply to the sixties. The decade is cloaked in myth, and there are no signs of this changing anytime soon. Today there is a thriving 1960s nostalgia industry, which is all about the clothes and the music, and has nothing do with politics or cultural change. This â€Å"sanitized† version of the era, safe for mass consumption, is just as much a myth as the sixties being a virtual â€Å"hell on earth.† However, whichever one you choose to subscribe to, one thing is probably certain: it didn’t actually happen that way. Bibliography Brake, Mike. The sociology of youth culture and youth subcultures. Sex and drugs and rock ‘n’ roll? London: Routledge Kegan Paul Ltd, 1980. Carter, A. â€Å"Notes for a theory of sixties style.† New Society. 14 December, 1967. Cohen, Stanley. Folk Devils and Moral Panics. Albans: Palladin, 1973. Fountain, Nigel. Underground, the London Alternative Press, 1966-74. London: Routledge, 1988. Frank, Thomas. The Conquest of Cool: Business Culture, Counter Culture and the Rise of Hip Consumerism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997. Gleason, R. â€Å"Rock for sale,† in Eisen, J. (ed.) The Age of Rock 2. Sights and Sounds of the American Cultural Revolution. New York: Vintage Books, 1970. Green, Jonathan. All dressed up: The sixties and the counterculture. London: Random House, 1998. Murdock, G. and McCron, R. â€Å"Consciousness of class and consciousness of generation† in S. Hall and T. Jefferson (eds.) Resistance Through Rituals: Youth subcultures in post-war Britain. Hutchinson: London, 1976. News of the World. â€Å"Hippies, drugs and the sordid truth.† 21 September, 1969. Rowbotham, Sheila. Promise of a dream: Remembering the sixties. London: Penguin Books, 2000. Weider, L. and Zimmerman, S. Understanding Social Problems. New York: Praeger Press, 1977.

Thinkers of the Enlightenment Essay -- Enlightenment Period

Enlightenment The Enlightenment era was a new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems. Even though different philosophers approached their goal differently, they achieved it none the less. They all approached their goal differently due to their different upbringings, their different backgrounds, and most importantly their different environments. A few among the many enlightened thinkers were Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Baron Do Montesquieu, and Jean Jacques Rousseau. While some of their idea’s are not used in modern society, they were all instrumental to the modern society we live in today. More then anyone else Baron do Montesquieu helped shape this country today. Baron do Montesquieu advocated for the creation of three bodies of government. He stated that if there would be less then three then the government would not be able to realize when it turned into a dictatorship. It is from Baron do Montesquieu and his age old ideals that we created our current system of government. He specifically declared that a legislat...

How businesses develop :: Business and Management Studies:

How businesses develop The aim of this report is to produce a portfolio based on an investigation of two contrasting businesses. I have chosen two different companies for my report. It will include a description of type of ownership and the different liabilities of owners. A description off different industrial sectors and currant UK trends in their growth or decline. Description of business activities and current UK trends in their growth or decline. The reason for the location of each business. A Description of the influence of each stakeholder on each business. Of my chosen businesses. Type of owner ship The large company I have chosen is Tesco the reason I chose Tesco is it’s a very successfully growing large company. Tesco is public limited company (PLC) (Means that any one can be shareholder) Public limited companies are the largest type of privately owned enterprise in the UK. A PLC has power to rise large amount of capital, through selling it’s shares to the public. A Public Limited Company can sell its shares on the Stock Market, the owners of a Limited Company are not involved in the running of the business, unless they have been elected to the Board of Directors This means it can develop the business more easily then private limited company, sole trader. It can also benefit from being a large-size organization. It will be able to buy in bulk, and specialise. Tesco sells Groceries, cloths, CDs, videos, DVDs, books, Computer Games, Electricals, school equipment, Wines and other alcohol drinks. Tesco is currently the leading supermarket in uk. Tesco as a pretty good Competition from other supermarkets such as Sainsbury, Safeway. But Tesco is cheaper then most of the other supermarkets and they offers lot more products. Recoding to Tosco’ on average Sainsbury's are 4% more expensive than Tesco and Safeway are 10% more expensive than Tesco. There are more then 700-plus stores and many distribution centres are located in United Kingdom. They have several office sites in the UK and Ireland, where there key support functions are based. The majority of office staff is based in Hertfordshire. Tesco has been operating on an international basis for long time, anticipating the need to become a major retail name in key regions, they moved into central Europe, where they have a strong presence in Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic and the dynamic Asian market. Been a PLC Tesco has advantages such as have limited liability, enjoy maximum continuity, can raise large sums of capital, large size enable them to enjoy economies of scale' such as being able to buy supplies in bulk and they find it easy to borrow money then smaller businesses

Teenage Dating in the 1950s Essay -- Relationships

Teenage Dating in the 1950s Teenagers in the 1950's are so iconic that, for some, they represent the last generation of innocence before it is "lost" in the sixties. When asked to imagine this lost group, images of bobbysoxers, letterman jackets, malt shops and sock hops come instantly to mind. Images like these are so classic, they, for a number of people, are "as American as apple pie." They are produced and perpetuated by the media, through films like Grease and Pleasantville and television shows like Happy Days, The Donna Reed Show, and Leave It to Beaver. Because of these entertainment forums, these images will continue to be a pop cultural symbol of the 1950's. After the second World War, teenagers became much more noticeable in America (Bailey 47). Their presence and existence became readily more apparent because they were granted more freedom than previous generations ever were. Teenagers like these were unique. They were given a chance to redefine the ways things were done in America. One of the conventions they put a new spin on, and consequently revolutionize, is the idea and practice of dating. The 1950's set up precedents in dating that led to what many consider "normal" dating today. ORIGINS OF DATING Dating is definitely an "American phenomenon." Few other countries carry on this practice with as much fervor as Americans do. Then again, few other countries have the same social conditions as America. Since the turn of the century, there has been a greater freedom between men and women, for example, both attend the same schools with the same classes. Both sexes become accustomed to the other at early ages which is very conducive to the practice of dating (Merrill 61). Dating essentially replaced the pra... ...isible. They drove cars and had money to spend. They were a new source of power, independent from their parents and ready for a change. Works Cited Bailey, Beth. From Front Porch to Back Seat. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1988. "Cross Country Report on Teens." Seventeen Sept. 1959: 134-135. "Do I have the right to love?" Seventeen May 1959: 136. Gould, Sandra. Always Say Maybe. New York: Golden Press, 1960. "How Much Do Boys Spend on Girls?" Seventeen June 1959: 75, 121. McGinnis, Tom. A Girl's Guide to Dating and Going Steady. New York: Doubleday, 1968. Merrill, Frances E. Courtship and Marriage. New York: William Sloane, 1949. Sadler, William. Courtship and Love. New York: Macmillan, 1952. Smith, Ken. Mental Hygiene: Classroom Films 1945-1970. New York: Blast Books, 1999. "The Art of Pursuit." Seventeen Feb. 1959: 72-73, 131.

Exothermic reaction Essay

The object of this investigation is to determine the enthalpy change for the reaction CaCO3 (s) i CaO (s) + CO2 (g) by an indirect method based on Hess’ Law. Hess’s law states that the enthalpy change for any chemical reaction is independent of the route taken provided that the initial and final conditions are identical. So the temperature change during these reactions below can be measured and the enthalpy changes ? H1 and ? H2 calculated. For Example: Using Hess’ law with the calculated values for ? H1 and ? H2 it is possible to calculate a value for ? H3. Results Table. Temperature change during reaction   The results for the temperatures are to the nearest whole number as it is unrealistic to measure to a point of a ? C with this type of thermometer and the masses rounded up to 2 decimal places for greater accuracy. Calculations It’s possible to use the formula E = mc ? T, where E = energy transferred, m = mass of HCl, c= specific heat capacity of HCl and ? T = temperature change. This formula can be used for calculating the energy transferred in the following reactions ? ?H1, CaCO3 (s) + HCl and ? H2, CaO (s) + HCl. Seeing as the molar mass of CaCO3 = 100. 00 ?H1 = 420 x (1 x 0. 0250) = – 16. 80 kJmol-1 I will not include the last result in my average for ? H1, which is – 16. 80 kJmol-1. This is because it’s way off the other results and would significantly affect my average results, it’s an anomaly. AVERAGE for the ? H1 for the reaction between CaCO3 + HCl: (- 25. 09 kJmol-1) + (- 24. 90 kJmol-1) 2 ?H1 = – 25. 00 kJmol-1 This value for ? H1 is negative because heat is lost to the surroundings. It’s an exothermic reaction. Calculations for ? H2 for the reactions between CaO (s) + HCl: 1. I will not include the – 102. 86 kJmol-1 result in my average for ? H2. This is because it’s way off the other results and would significantly affect my average results, it’s an anomaly. AVERAGE for the ? H2 for the reaction between CaO + HCl: (-128. 05 kJmol-1) + (- 111. 43 kJmol-1) 2 ?H2 = – 119. 74 kJmol-1 This value for ? H1 is negative because heat is lost to the surroundings. It’s an exothermic reaction. Using Hess’ cycle I will use the values that I have calculated for ? H1 and ? H2 to work out the value for ? H3. ?H3= ? H1 ? ?H2 = (- 25. 00 kJmol-1) – (- 111. 43 kJmol-1)= 86. 43 kJmol-1 This value is positive because heat is absorbed from the surroundings. It’s an endothermic reaction. I have been told the actual value for ? H3, which is 178. 00. So I will calculate the percentage by which my value is out by the actual value. 178. 00 ? 86. 43 = 91. 57 (91. 57 ? 178. 00) x 100 = 51% Evaluation Errors in procedure: When the CaO and CaCO3 were put into the cup there was a delay before the lid was put on. This could have caused heat to escape out of the cup and the temperature change would not have been as great compared to if there was no delay.

Interperson Communication Skills

It was only around the sass's that it became consider as an actual practice (Benjamin, 2006). This assignment will deal with some of the most influential of these psychological practices which have developed and evolved since the inception psychology all those years ago. This will be achieved in the way of Deadlier, Gestalt and Person-centered therapies as examples. This will involve focused commentary on their historical background and key concepts with mention given to the therapeutic goals of each of the respective theories. â€Å"Psychology has a long past, but only a short history. (Boring, 1929, p. 9) Deadlier Psychology Deadlier psychology is the psychological method founded by Alfred Adler which was formulated around the idea of â€Å"individual psychology'. Individual Psychology is a humanistic approach and is a modification of Freud ‘s psychoanalysis which encapsulates a body of ideas and approaches more focused on our actual motivations, as an indivisible whole, in our behavior towards a life goal. These goals come in divisions of short term and long term with all the stops in-between being goals that indeed affected our behavior today in our everyday lives.It was Adler ‘s insistence that people were motivated by social influences (as nothing materializes in isolation) and that one was, to a large extent, responsible for who they are and couldn't blame others for the predicaments and short comings they may be experiencing in their current existence (Adler, 1964). Deadlier psychology believes that a person forms a methodology to life within the first 6 years of living and the therapy places great focus on feelings of inferiority.However these feelings of inferiority are not viewed as symbols of deficiency or fragility, but rather a driving source of creativity (Corey, 2009). Deadlier Psychology calls these feelings of inferiority â€Å"the inferiority complex† (which is defined as an intense feeling of inadequacy often culminating in shyness or general evasive behavior) and the therapy is often associated with â€Å"the superiority complex† (defined as the overblown or distorted feeling of superiority to others), albeit Deadlier psychology renders the latter as more of a defense mechanism for those who truly do feel inferior to others (Adler, 1998).In therapy, Deadlines endeavourer to look at the life of the individual from his subjective reality as they believe how the client perceives life is ended more important that what reality demonstrates. This is called the phenomenological perspective and will incorporate various aspects of the clients thought process including his viewpoint, sentiments, beliefs and values. This is of utmost importance as in order to understand the whole person, deadlier psychology states that we cannot be understood in pieces but rather all components of ourselves must be comprehended as a unified whole.This is known as the holistic concept (Corey, 2009). It is here where ef fective empathy is especially important in this hereby, which is in contradiction of Freudian theory that the client must be a blank slate. It would be this empathy and the fact that Freudian therapy encouraged the analyst to be silent during free association, whilst Deadlier psychologists are encouraged to make inquiries and have discussions about the client that would be considered 2 of the major differences in the respective theories (Burrow, 1917). At the beginning of this section on Deadlier psychology I made referenced to the importance of social influences.These influences are articulated as social interest ND are defined as the theory that endeavourers to characterize the relationship between an individual and the people he deals with in his community. It is a trait that is inherent in all human beings which can be trained and developed. Deadlines testify that the more refined and developed ones social interest is, the more it will lessen any feelings of inferiority (Adler, 1998). In therapy, the Deadlier psychologist will attempt an assessment of the clients â€Å"family constellation† which encapsulates the circumstances an individual is born into, including gender and birthing order (Adler, 1964).Particular attention is given to the relationship between siblings in the birthing order and continues through the individuals early recollections. These recollections are very important as they create formative happenings that emphatically develop ones personality. It is hoped that by the end of this process the client will be able to recognize or discern where they went wrong, which could range from conceptual errors and adverse processes (Adler, 1998). Deadlier psychology goes further to say that even though children may be raised in to their location in the birth order.Generally the oldest child enjoys more attention ND whilst no other siblings have been born, has a tendency to be spoiled more. This all changes, however, at the arrival of a new s ibling and will generally find them self evicted from the favored position. The second child from the time of birth shares the attention with the first born, but competitiveness develops which can have an influence their development later in life. This second born is generally quite the opposite of the elder sibling. The middle child often feels excluded.A burden is laid on this child as they often become the middle man, the keeper of the peace who tries their best to keep situations together. The youngest child will always be viewed as the baby and results in the individual being pampered and has a tendency to get things their way. The only child seems to be a mixture of sorts. They share some similarities of the oldest child in this model, but tend not to discover how to share or collaborate with others their age. The only child is also often pampered like the aforementioned youngest child and may want to be the centre of attention at all times (Corey, 2009).In the preceding text I made references to the pampering of a child. Deadlines believe that pampering does play a direct role in a child's placement as spoilt children are raised to expect their requests to be law. This is a result of the parenting figures allowing the child a feeling of eminence, a feeling that the child can get almost anything they want without them striving to have earned it and this generally leads to the child believing this eminence is a birthright. For these children it has become commonplace for them to take and not to give.All this as a consequence could result in the child later in life losing their independence, and not knowing how to resolve issues for themselves (Adler, 1998). In my studies of Freud and Jung I was very intrigued in their dream analysis so was very interested to see how Deadlier psychology views this concept. Whereas Freud viewed dreams as a method of solving issues from the past, Deadlier psychology rather views dreams as a recital of conceivable future even ts and could reflect an individual's current issues (Corey, 2009). Meanings are not determined by situations, but we determine ourselves by the meanings we give to situations. † (Adler, 1937, p. 14). Person-centered Therapy Person-centered therapy (also referred to as Organic Psychology) is the psychological method founded by the humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers. It is centered on the idea that the individual has enormous potential for understanding themselves and therefore is best placed in the resolving of their own issues without any direct interjections from the therapist. Hence the therapy revolves around the individual as the promoter and architect of their own self change (Corey, 2009).So it would be pertinent to say that one ‘s self concept is of great emphasis in this therapy and thus is defined as the personal perceptions one believes about themselves (Rogers, 2003). The therapy furthermore states that all of us have the capacity for growth towards fulfillme nt of our life ‘s wishes and aspirations. That being said, it is of utmost importance that the therapist provides a comfortable threat free environment for the individual, as to lower their guard, to make it easier for them to defensiveness (Meaner & Throne, 2007).If the aforementioned life aspirations, potentials and fulfillment are indeed reached this is referred to as self actualization and it is the conviction of this therapy that this tendency is the one essential motive driving all of us. If this tendency is promoted and helped along, the person will flourish and develop and start living what they term â€Å"the good life†. By â€Å"the good life† the therapy is referring to the idea that the individual will have reached an apex of a positive mental outlook, have reached a level of congruence and would begin to trust their feelings.Conversely if that tendency is constrained or blocked, the person will deteriorate and/or have greater difficulties (Rogers, 19 51). The importance of this can never be underestimated and is of particular importance as Rogers confirms: â€Å"The organism has one basic tendency and striving – to actuality, maintain, and enhance the experiencing organism† (Rogers, 1951, p. 487). The organism Rogers (and indeed the entire therapy in general) in that quote makes reference to is the individual person as a whole inclusive of one ‘s emotions, thoughts and welfare (Rogers, 2003).Person-centered therapy has similarities to Deadlier psychology in the way of Idler's social interest concepts which reflects in Rogers core conditions of therapeutic change. The basis of this is in the emphasis Deadlier psychology invests in caring ND empathy being at the centre of therapy regarding social interest (Watts, 1998), but whereas Deadlier psychology tries to get to the crux of the issue through applied techniques, the Person-centered therapist is non-directive and allows the client to lead the conversation.Th e therapist will ask questions and forward scenarios relevant to what the client is discussing, without answering any directed questions, in an attempt to empower the client to indeed realize the issue at hand and the solution to it for themselves (Rogers, 2003). Initially there were 6 conditions that ere fundamental to Person-centered therapy that are necessary in order to achieve therapeutic change and stimulate growth in a client. The first of these is that two people must engage in psychological contact in order for therapy to commence.The second condition refers to the fact that the client is assumed to be in a state of incongruence (the discrepancy between the matching of your experiences and awareness which results in there being an imbalance between the alignment of your feelings and actions). The next condition is that the therapist himself must be fully self-aware and congruent with the client at all times. The fourth condition is that the therapist portrays unconditional positive regard (UPPER) towards the client.At number five is that the therapist must, above all else, display empathic understanding towards what the client reveals without getting emotionally involved. The final condition is that the expression to the client of the therapist's empathy and positive regard must be achieved to a minimal degree (Rogers, 1957). Over the years, however, the aforementioned 6 conditions have developed, revised and hence reduced to 3 core conditions as over time the others were viewed as nonessential.The 3 conditions that remained and are practiced today are firstly â€Å"congruence†; defined in Person-centered therapy as the therapist having to be as genuine as he possible can towards the client, which is essential as it aids in the establishment of trust between the client and the therapist and thus is considered by many to be the most important part of counseling. The second core condition is â€Å"empathy', which is the issue at hand from the cl ient's perspective (I. E. – what the client is feeling). The therapist needs to appear incredibly authentic and sensitive during sessions, but just always be careful not to confuse empathy with sympathy.Furthermore the therapist must pay attention to the client's experiences as if they were their own, but not at the expense of becoming lost in those emotions. This is referred to as accurate emphatic understanding. The third core condition is â€Å"unconditional positive regard and acceptance† (UPPER). This encapsulates the concept that regardless what the client reveals during therapy, be it good or bad, it will be accepted unconditionally by the therapist with no Judgment passed whilst showing meaningful and genuine understanding for the client.This leads to the client being more at ease and more willing to share experiences without fear of being Judged (Corey, 2009). Person- centered therapy believes that these conditions, as well as the aforementioned self actualiza tion, are all necessary in the achievement of becoming a â€Å"fully functioning person†. A â€Å"fully functional person† is the state of being reached when a person is fully congruent and comfortable with living life in the present (I. E. – not held back by past bad experiences and lives considerably more freely) and when the client has cached this state, it is then that the therapist will begin the â€Å"ending† discussion.The â€Å"ending† discussion refers to the therapist initiating the idea of terminating the sessions as sooner or later; the client needs to go it on their own (Meaner & Throne, 2007). â€Å"It is the client who knows what hurts, what directions to go, what problems are crucial, what experiences have been deeply buried† (Rogers, 1961, p. 11). Gestalt Therapy Gestalt therapy is the existential, phenomenological and process based approach formulated by Frizz and Laura Peres which focuses on the human mind and behavior n i ts entirety in relation to the individual's environment (I. E. The whole is more relevant than the quantity of its parts). Gestalt too initially stemmed from Freud ‘s psychoanalytic ideals, but took issue with Freud ‘s view of individual's being mechanistic and insisted how one acts and reacts in the present is far more important than understanding ones past (Corey, 2009). This isn't to say the past was completely overlooked and undervalued, but its relevance was more focused on how events and situations affects one now in the present as all our adaptations to the resistances and events we experienced through our development manifests in our present (Peres, 1969).Clients who engage in Gestalt therapy are generally in a phase of existential dilemma and need to learn to be accountable for their own existence. Gestalt therapy believed that the solution to such issues was found in the client gaining awareness and once this was achieved, genuine adjustments and changes would happen naturally (Nelson-Jones, 2000). Gestalt therapists in the quest for the client to become aware will encourage the client to face the experience in question head on, rather than simply discuss it.For example instead of discussing the bullied abuse the client received at school, the client will be urged to try becoming that tormented child during sessions. This awareness was made up of the client being able to be self accepting and gaining a greater understanding of Person-centered therapy in the way they all prized empathy and accepted the notion of the client having the inherent capacity of being able to accomplish great freedoms and self-reliance.Gestalt does, however, differ from person-centered therapy fundamentally in the way person-centered therapy wishes to limit the therapist's role o that of to a passive mediator of information and that the client already deep down has the solutions (Rogers, 2003), whereas the Gestalt therapist isn't there to Just pay attention and li sten but also engage in dialogue and moreover make the client aware of what presently is happening (Peres, 1969).Furthermore these Gestalt therapy sessions don't follow particular guidelines so therapists are encouraged during to devise experiments and be creative to maximize the client's awareness to the â€Å"what† and the â€Å"how' they are doing things (Yonder, 1993). Gestalt therapy places significant stress on the concept of contact and believes it is necessary if growth is to take place during sessions with clients. Contact is defined as the audible, physical, visual, odorous and actual movement made between those involved in the therapy.Part of the importance of contact is also identifying the disruptions and defiance's to contact that may occur during therapy (Nelson-Jones, 2000) . The most common of these resistances are: â€Å"Interjecting†, which refers to the acceptance of information without entirely considering whether it is something you potentially c oncur with and in most instances not even understanding its meaning. This form of resistance is loaded with ‘should haves', ‘must haves' and ‘l still need to do ‘s' during therapy. â€Å"Projecting† refers to us renouncing facets of ourselves by assigning them to our given environment.Every time we attempt to interpret the world, we project and we tend to see in other people what indeed belongs to us. â€Å"Retroflection† is when we grant ourselves what we indeed want from the environment (I. E. – doing to ourselves what we would actually like to do to another). â€Å"Confluence† involves the fading or blurring of the boundaries that stand between others and us. â€Å"Deflecting† is when he individual dilutes life in the way of making serious issues not seem as serious as they indeed are. Humor and changing of the subject are good examples of deflecting. Desensitizing† is when we chose to block out issues or scenarios we don't want to experience or identify. In Gestalt therapy, this is viewed as a fundamental resistance. â€Å"Egotism† gets a special mention under this section as whereas it isn't directly viewed in gestalt therapy as a resistance as such, it is a familiar component in all the manifestations of our impairments and has been recognized to interfere with good contact (Latter, 1973). In Gestalt therapy, the relationship between the client and the therapist is a dynamic communication which is characterized by empathy, acknowledgement and responsibility.This communication has 4 main aspects including â€Å"inclusion† (being as present as possible without passing any judgment on what the client has to say), â€Å"presence† (the therapist finds ways to express them self during the session towards the client), â€Å"commitment to dialogue† (makes for an understanding and allowance for communication between therapist and client) and â€Å"dialogue is lived† (implying the communication doesn't deed to be only verbal, but can in fact be any method that expresses energy between client and therapist) (Yonder, 1993).There are 6 main principles to Gestalt therapy and are characterized as follows: First is the principle of â€Å"field work†. This therapist gives special attention to how the client connects with his environment. Secondly is the principle of â€Å"holism† which quite simply put, includes everything about the client including thoughts, emotions, dreams and reactions as gestalt therapists assign no preferable value to a particular part of the client. â€Å"Unfinished equines† is the third principle and in gestalt therapy is construed as the unspoken or unexpressed feelings that seem to have attached themselves to specific memories from our past.These feelings can raise their ugly head in our lives and be demonstrated by means of resentment, anxiety, anger and guilt. These hide in the background of our being and find their way into the present in a number of self- defeating expressions and acts. The fourth principle is â€Å"the figure-formation process† which pays attention to how the client regulates and shapes their surroundings from nocturne to Juncture. It furthermore keeps a keen eye on how some element of the environment can appear from the client's background and make itself a centerpiece of the client's attention. Organism self-regulation† is the fifth principle and it makes reference to the innovative adjustment the client makes in relation to his surroundings. The final principle is called â€Å"the now' and is focused on the client truly being in the present as attention given to events from the past, as well as the future, could be a mental diversion to keep the client from dealing with issues in the present moment (Corey, 2009). â€Å"I am not in this world to live up to other people's expectations, nor do I feel that the world must live up to mine. † (Peres, 1969, p. 21).Conclusion In the modern day there is a plethora of psychological methods and therapies, which begs the question: â€Å"Which one is the best and most practical to adopt? † I don't imagine there is a clear and elementary answer to this question, but if I had to be as bold to commit to an answer, I'd imagine my answer would be: â€Å"Somewhere in- between. † My answer isn't as cryptic and inconclusive as it may first appear as wrought all my research for this assignment, as well as previous endeavourers, I have recognized that all the respective methods have their pertinent, compelling and intriguing arguments or merits.They also do, however, seem to have their limitations to lesser or greater degree. So for myself it would make practical sense to use one approach as a basis for therapy, but include all the redeeming aspects of the others if need be. Regardless of one ‘s viewpoint on the approaches I have discussed in this assignment, I can à ¢â‚¬Ëœt help but feel the more tools we have at our disposal, the better

Gender Equality In Education

All over the world, education is not only acknowledged to benefit individuals but as well recognized to promote national development. Education expands the life choices and opportunity for both boys and girls; nevertheless, approximately 60 million girls continue to be out of school (â€Å"Gender Equality in Education†). Several government and non-government organization have been continually working to eliminate the disparity between boys and girls by identifying gender-related barriers, evaluating the extent of education disadvantage that the latter confront, and implementing systems to overcome and remove the aforesaid impediments.Basically, ensuring gender equality in education suggests that boys and girls have equal opportunities to enroll and access school, as well as to benefit from, and participate in the array of subjects or other learning practices presented in schools and classrooms. Effective Strategies for Equality In Education An effective approach for educating boys and girls requires incorporating attention to enrollment and admission, in addition to achievement and excellence.Through gender-sensitive teaching-learning methods, learning materials, and curricula, boys and girls in the same way become prepared with the attitudes and life skills needed to achieve their definitive skill, within and beyond the educational system, irrespective of their sex (â€Å"Promoting Gender Equality in Education† 2). Unfortunately, in developing countries, girls generally come up against textbooks, teaching practices, and other school materials that endorse gender stereotypes that are disadvantageous to their educational success.In addition, unsafe school environment creates difficulties to the completion of education, more especially to girls. Keeping girls in schools necessitates donors, policymakers, educators, community members, and parents to look further than enrollment and deal with bigger, related issues. For instance, poor families normall y have to choose between educating their daughters or sons, and more often than not parents routinely prefer to educate their sons.Evidently, decisions are normally not be anchored in the natural skills, aptitudes, or the enthusiasm levels of their children. However, the prearranged gender responsibilities may not automatically benefit boys either, and may even be detrimental to them. Young age boys may experience a profound responsibility to academically perform in order to meet their families’ expectations to be successful. Consequences of Gender Equality In EducationExceptionally numerous children, particularly those form poor families and living in remote or rural areas, constantly needs quality learning opportunities, such as access to a sheltered, nearby school. Child soldiers, trafficked children, orphaned children, displaced children, refugee children, street children, indigenous children, working children, as well as those who are living in conflict areas, and physic ally challenged are not receiving an adequate education (â€Å"Education From A Gender Equality Perspective† 6).Even more unfortunate, being female aggravates an already problematical situation. In many developing countries, girls are less encouraged than boys to stay in school, enroll in school, or less expected to have their educational requirements provided using non-formal approaches (â€Å"Education From A Gender Equality Perspective† 6). Evidently, the most excellent, available development investment is not being totally exploited by these nations. Educating girls takes in significant outcomes.Educating girls to a certain extent generates a higher rate of return than any other investment presented in the developing world. When girls are provided with access to a rights-based, quality education, they have a tendency to postpone marriage, boast healthier and fewer children, and throw in more to nation productivity and family income (â€Å"Education From A Gender E quality Perspective† 6). Whether consideration is focused on primary or secondary education, providing and ensuring access to high quality education is essential if nations are to realize their development objectives.Developing countries that fall short of guaranteeing impartial access to basic education are, as a result, affected by distressing consequences, such as the increase in fertility and increase costs, poverty, malnutrition, and child mortality. Worldwide Status of Gender Inequality In Education According to the visionary educator Dr. Kwegyir Aggrey, â€Å"Educating the men and neglecting the women is the most certain approach to keep a population down† (â€Å"Girl Power: Educating Girls in the 21st Century† n. p. ).Accordingly, a nation basically educates a person if it educates a man; however, a nation educates a family if it educates a woman. The good news these days, however, is that over recent decades a record numbers of girls have swarmed into sc hool. Girls have closed the gender gap with boys, and prevailed over considerable development, social, and economic gains for their communities as well as for themselves. In poor countries, in general, girls’ primary school enrollments in 1990 to 2004 soared from 87 percent to 94 percent; with more girls today in secondary school than in any documented period in history (Mercy and Fort).Nevertheless, despite the fact that inequalities in the enrolment rates in primary and secondary education have decreased, they have not been eradicated up until now. At present, more than two-thirds of the estimated 860 million uneducated persons around the world are women (â€Å"Decent childhoods: Educate both girls and boys†). Conclusion Education is a basic human right, and children regardless of sex, color, nationality and religion are entitled to it. Education is significant to the development of people and societies, as it helps bring about a productive and successful future.For the millions of illiterate children, admission to education is the pathway to an improved life. Moreover, educating girls leads the way for more extensive changes in the work places, societies and families. When governments guarantee access to a rights-based, quality education that is founded on gender equality to their young citizens, it generates a wave effect of benefits that clearly affect future generations. Works Cited â€Å"Decent childhoods: Educate both girls and boys. † June 2008.International Labour Organization. 4 March 2009 . â€Å"Education From A Gender Equality Perspective. † May 2008. USAID. 4 March 2009 . â€Å"Gender Equality in Education. † 20 April 2009. USAID. 4 March 2009 . â€Å"Girl Power: Educating Girls in the 21st Century. † 5 March 2009.The World Bank. 4 March 2009 . â€Å"Promoting Gender Equality in Education. † n. d. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 4 March 2009 . Tembon, Mercy, and L ucia Fort. n. d. â€Å"Girl’s Education in the 21st Century. † The World Bank. 4 March 2009

Ethical dilemmas Essay

Ethical dilemmas in the society have posted a major challenge to humanity since historical times. This has been contributed by the threats and immediate uncertainty that acts and reacts to kill the will and desire to do that which is good. Ethical dilemmas comprises of direct wrong acts in the society even when the correct acts are clear. However, the good actions are mostly never committed as they require dire commitment and are often interpreted in the wrong mode by the immediate peers and/ or work mates (Cyndi, 2008). In colleges, students are faced with major challenges related to their peers and the administration too. Ethics dictate that the students should not cheat in the exam rooms. Again, students are not supposed to steal others properties or sneak out of the school compound. The ethical thing to do in such a situation is reporting the case to the administration for disciplinary actions against the culprits. However, students do not report and remain silent in majority of the cases and therefore encourage repetition of the same acts. It is usually very hard to gather evidence since cases like those of cheating cannot have exhibits. Besides, there are long procedures to follow in filing such cases and therefore it appears as a waste of time by the students. Finally, it appears as a sabotage and betrayal of one’s peers and therefore one risks being segregated. Therefore, majority of the students though willing never acts ethically as they are torn between acting correctly or maintaining the demands of the immediate associations (James & Dean, 2008). Lawyers on the other hand are trusted with ensuring that the most ethical discourses are followed in the justice system. However, rarely does it happen as they defend their clients even when they are aware that he/she is on the wrong side. As a professional lawyer, bringing charges against another lawyer is hard even after clearly knowing that he/she has been on the wrong side (Scott & Ronald, 2008). This is because it demands involvement in terms of time and vast resources to effectively defend the case. Besides, one keeps off as the peer dislike people who go against one their ideologies in the societies. Like the students case, one may be left alone and therefore unable to operate in the profession which requires strong cooperation. As indicated earlier, lawyers know how to cover what is bad with good and lots of evidence may be required to win particular cases against them. Lawyers Johnnie Cochran and F. Lee Bailey defended O J. Simpson in his murder case with little challenges from other lawyers of their firms even understanding their client had committed the crime (Cyndi, 2008). Besides, accountants have also been strongly involved in unethical deeds where they inflate or deflate the books of accounts in solidarity with their partners to ensure that they make a company or project fail in favor of another one. In such cases, though there is enough evidence to launch major complains, the rewards are generally hefty and the members commit never to reveal it and exposing the deal would lead to threats by other members. This has been highly unethical as it may lead to loss of jobs and investments for innocent people (James & Dean 2008). An honor system application and use in the society has had many advantages to the immediate users and the society at large. It is cost effective as it is run by trust and enhancing efficiency is easy as it emanates from the individuals goodwill. For instance buses and trains can operate easily without waiting for routine tickets checking. Besides, it brings the groups together and promotes the spirit of team work in an organization or institutions thereby raising the efficiency of immediate operations. However, in the society where there is great tendency to do the wrong things than the correct one major businesses are bound to fail due to solidarity of the employees and staff. As a result, it promotes laziness and bad behavior as the employees act in solidarity to cover up their colleagues on the wrong sides in the organization or institutions (Scott & Ronald, 2008). This system breeds the major dilemmas and acts to kill the good people in the society by pushing them into the major peer cocoons. Conclusion. Ethical dilemmas have posted some of the major threats in the society to humanity and the production systems. They have far reaching impacts to the society especially if they are amongst the peers in institutions and other management units. To add to that, these dilemmas operates at all levels from school to high professionals and administration management realms therefore posing major risks to the whole society. To address the situation, institutions require embarking on strong campaigns to fight the unethical behaviors in the society. Cooperation and communication based on mutual trust and low coercion in organizations and schools should be established. Besides, the leaders should act as the major role models for all the people in their organizations or institutions. Reference list. Cyndi, B. (2008). Criminal Justice Ethics: Theory and Practice. New York: Sage Publishers. James, L. & Dean, B. (2008). Decision-making Near the End-of-life: Recent Developments and Future Directions. New York: CRC Press. Scott, A. & Ronald, R. (2008). Executive Ethics: Ethical Dilemmas and Challenges for the C- Suite. New Jersey: IAP.

Historical Change- Describe the drive for African American Civil Essay

Historical Change- Describe the drive for African American Civil Rights 1863 1968 - Essay Example is period only served to set precedence to later activities that culminated in great achievement not only for the blacks in American but also for the many people with similar problems across the globe. In America, the civil right movement focused much in the south, a region that was inhabited by a large African American population. This region was characterized by a blatant racial inequality in economic opportunity, education and legal and political process (Smith, & Wynn, 2009, pg 12-14). In 1808 the U.S congress abolished slave trade following the passage of the constitution which banned slavery. This became the central divisive matter in the early republic. Such is the case that this law came into force at a time when the south was heavily dependent on cheap slave labor for their agriculture contrary to the north that was speedily embracing industrialization. The newly found division between the south and north aggravated political and cultural differences and resulted to great animosity. One such difference revolved around the issue of admitting new states. Here, the question was as to whether to admit them as free or slave oriented. The effect of this crisis came up in 1820 when Missouri requested for admission stating its intention to operate a slave state. The north came out strongly against Missouri admission fearing that the slave holding states would gain majority share in the senate. This was however resolved through a compromise that saw Missouri granted i ts request as a slave state but not without the admission of a free Maine( cut out of Massachusetts). This move ensured preservation of the balance of power between the two antagonistic parties but never resolved the raging controversies. Following the growing antislavery campaigns, especially from the north, the abolitionist movement alongside other charities undertook a move that saw them purchase slaves with the sole aim of sending back to Africa, this was in the early 1800s. For instance,

Summary and Response to the Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Summary and Response to the Article - Essay Example The journey towards â€Å"energy security† has proven hectic, but it is not late yet. Change is possible. Oil dependence has its share of challenges. First, oil prices are never stable. This situation leads to economic imbalance in the dependent state, making citizens suffer from high taxation, especially when oil prices increase in the world market. Secondly, United States as a major economy has to face stiff competition from other importing countries such as India and China whose economies are growing rapidly. Worst of all, U.S. becomes vulnerable to political whims of oil producing countries especially the Middle East that have for a long time threatened U.S. security. OPEC, for instance, is notorious for signing contracts with certain consumers coupled with political affiliations that distort the market. According to this report, U.S. can rescue itself from the hazards of oil dependence if it can reframe its foreign policies. The last decades have seen U.S. stressing on the importance of foreign markets, something that cannot solve the energy problem experienced now. If active public policies are introduced, the market will deliver smoothly on its own. U.S. cannot achieve energy security through foreign policy, but it can frame domestic policies that are in tandem with short- and long-term goals of international strategy on oil. The Task Force looking into the issue made three recommendations for the adoption of incentives, which would gradually minimize consumption of petroleum products. First is the taxation of gasoline, with the tax revenues directed to other purposes such as funding research and development of energy technology. Second is tightening Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFÉ) standards. Third is the use of tradable gasoline permits to cap the levels of gasoline consumed in the country. The above measures will facilitate energy efficient lifestyles of the citizenry, including the use of higher-efficiency vehicles, increased use of public